
Beofre examining those stuborn things ´´Facts´´Lets take a look at Boris´s first Run out as Sec of state Theresa Mays ´´Incitatus´´
INCITATUS (BORIS JOHNSON) CALIGULA (JOHN KERRY) AND THE CURIOUS CASE OF THE NEW CONSUL AT THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL
http://www.bbc.com/news/election-2017-40069744″>http://www.bbc.com/news/election-2017-40069744
https://notthegrubstreetjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ef6f1-cartoon-two-best12b252812529.jpg”>
“Conservative Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson has used her remarks to launch an attack on the Labour leadership: “Jeremy Corbyn’s lies have been exposed by his own shadow home secretary.
“Just hours after Corbyn claimed he had never met the IRA, Diane Abbott says he did – and she disgracefully sought to defend it.
“It is increasingly clear that Jeremy Corbyn will make up anything in an attempt to mislead voters.
“He’s pretending he didn’t support the IRA, just like he is pretending he won’t raise taxes and pretending he will replace our Trident nuclear deterrent.”
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Ulster Defence Association
Above: UDA emblem
Below: UDA flag
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↑New Accounts of the Conflict website – Launched on 17 November 2014 ↑
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![]() A copy of the CAIN site (Nov 2016) is presented in the Troubles Gallery of the Ulster Museum
![]() Archived copies of the CAIN site (from Feb 2010 onward) are available at the PRONI Web Archive ![]() Archived copies of the CAIN site (May 2005 to Aug 2011) are available at the UK Web Archive ![]() 12345
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Ulster Defence Association (UDA) | ||
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Participant in the Troubles | ||
Active | September 1971–present (on ceasefire since October 1994; ended armed campaign in November 2007) | |
Ideology | Ulster loyalism British unionism Right-wing politics Ulster nationalism (briefly) |
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Leaders | Charles Harding Smith (1971–1973) Jim Anderson de facto (April–December 1972); joint chairman (December 1972 to spring 1973) Andy Tyrie (1973–1988)Commander of the UFF John McMichael (until 1987)[1]Inner Council Jackie McDonald, Johnny Adair, Jim Gray, Andre Shoukri, James Simpson, South East Antrim Commander John Gregg, Billy McFarland, Matt Kincaid[1] |
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Headquarters | Belfast | |
Area of operations | Northern Ireland (mostly) Republic of Ireland |
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Strength | 40,000 at its peak (1972), under 1,000 at the end of its armed campaign[2] |
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Allies | Loyalist Volunteer Force,[3] Red Hand Defenders (until 2002)[4] |
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Opponents | Irish Republican Army Irish republicans Irish nationalists |
Contents
[hide]
History[edit]
Beginning[edit]
Women’s units[edit]
Paramilitary campaign[edit]
The flag of the “Ulster Freedom Fighters” with a clenched fist representing the Red Hand of Ulster and the Latin motto Feriens tego, meaning “striking I defend”
A UFF mural in the Kilcooley estate near Bangor
A UFF mural in the Sandy Row area of South Belfast
Post-ceasefire activities[edit]
South East Antrim breakaway group[edit]
Politics[edit]
Links with other groups[edit]
Structure and leadership[edit]
- the Inner Council
- the Ulster Freedom Fighters (UFF)—whose role was to carry out attacks on republican and nationalist targets. However, many regard the UFF as merely a covername used when the UDA wished to claim responsibility for attacks.[84]
- the Ulster Defence Force (UDF)—whose role was to give “specialist military training” to a select group of UDA members. The UDF was initiated by John McMichael[85] (the then UDA/UFF commander) in 1985 as a response to the Anglo-Irish Agreement. The UDF operated training camps in rural parts of Northern Ireland that young loyalists such as Johnny Adair claim to have attended.[85] One reported ‘survival’ training technique was to leave trainees stranded in Dublin with only £1.[85] Some of the training was given by former British Army soldiers and officers. It was described by the UDA as “the nucleus of a new loyalist army at the ready”.[86]
- the Ulster Young Militants (UYM)—the “youth wing” of the group. Formed in 1973.[87]
- the Ulster Political Research Group (UPRG)—the UDA’s “political advisory body”. Formed in 1978.[88]
- North Belfast
- East Belfast
- South Belfast, the UDA’s largest brigade area, covering all of South Belfast down to Lisburn and operating as far away as South County Down, Lurgan, Portadown and Counties Tyrone and Fermanagh.[89]
- West Belfast
- Southeast [County] Antrim
- North County Antrim & County Londonderry
A wall sign in Dervock showing support for the North Antrim and Londonderry brigade.
Deaths as a result of activity[edit]
- 209 (~80%) were civilians, 12 of whom were civilian political activists
- 11 (~4%) were members or former members of republican paramilitary groups
- 37 (~14%) were members or former members of loyalist paramilitary groups
- 3 (~1%) were members of the British security forces
See also[edit]
- Real Ulster Freedom Fighters
- Timeline of Ulster Defence Association actions
- Ulster Volunteer Force
- Provisional Irish Republican Army
- Irish National Liberation Army
Irish Republican Army
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Flying Column No. 2 of the 3rd Tipperary Brigade of the Old IRA, photographed in 1921. All organisations calling themselves “Irish Republic Army” claim legitimate descent (sometimes compared to apostolic succession) from the IRA of 1917–22.
- The Irish Republican Army (1917–22) (in later years, known as the “Old” IRA), recognised by the First Dáil as the legitimate army of the Irish Republic in April 1921, split into pro-Treaty forces (the National Army, also known as the Government forces or the Regulars) and anti-Treaty forces (the Republicans, Irregulars or Executive forces) after the Treaty.
- The Irish Republican Army (1922–69), the anti-treaty IRA which fought and lost the civil war and which thereafter refused to recognise either the Irish Free State or Northern Ireland, deeming them both to be creations of British imperialism. It existed in one form or another for over 40 years before splitting in 1969.
- The Official IRA (OIRA), the remainder of the IRA after the 1969 split with the Provisionals; was primarily Marxist in its political orientation. It is now inactive in the military sense, while its political wing, Official Sinn Féin, became the Workers’ Party of Ireland.
- The Provisional IRA (PIRA) broke from the OIRA in 1969 over how to deal with the increasing violence in Northern Ireland. Although opposed to the OIRA’s Marxism, it came to develop a left-wing orientation and increasing political activity.
- The Continuity IRA (CIRA), broke from the PIRA in 1986, because the latter ended its policy on abstentionism (thus recognising the authority of the Republic of Ireland).
- The Real IRA (RIRA), a 1997 breakaway from the PIRA consisting of members opposed to the Northern Ireland peace process.
- In April 2011, former members of the Provisional IRA announced a resumption of hostilities, and that “they had now taken on the mantle of the mainstream IRA.” They further claimed “We continue to do so under the name of the Irish Republican Army. We are the IRA.” and insisted that they “were entirely separate from the Real IRA, Óglaigh na hÉireann (ONH), and the Continuity IRA.” They claimed responsibility for the April killing of PSNI constable Ronan Kerr as well as responsibility for other attacks that had previously been claimed by the Real IRA and ONH.[3]
Genealogy of the IRA and its splits[edit]
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- Original IRA (the “old” IRA) – fought in the War of Independence 1919–1921
- That part of the IRA that accepted the compromise of the 1921 treaty which established the Irish Free State and that became the initial Free State government. Its supporters became the modern-day Fine Gael Party, currently the largest party in the Republic of Ireland. With additional recruits, it became the National Army, later known as the Irish Defence Forces
- That part of the original IRA organised within Northern Ireland not included within the Free State (see below).
- That part of the IRA, organised within the twenty-six counties that became the Free State, which rejected the compromise of the 1921 treaty with Britain and under Liam Lynch fought the Irish Civil War against the Free State’s National Army (led by Michael Collins), with the support of the anti-treaty faction of Sinn Féin, led by Éamon de Valera.
- Some years after losing the Civil War a faction led by de Valera resigned from Sinn Féin and established the Fianna Fáil party in 1926, which is currently the second-largest party in Ireland. (In December 2007, Fianna Fáil was officially registered as a political party in Northern Ireland.)
- In the 1930s, the remainder of the IRA including that part of the Old IRA organised within Northern Ireland, attempted a bombing campaign in Britain, a campaign in Northern Ireland (after a change in leadership to the north) and some military activities in the Free State (later the Republic of Ireland). After a period of poor relations, the symbiotic relationship between Sinn Féin and the IRA was re-established in the late 1930s.[citation needed]
- By the 1960s, after the failed border campaign, Sinn Féin moved towards a Marxist class struggle outlook. With the outbreak of the Troubles, Sinn Féin, or as it came to be called after the formation of the Provisional IRA and Provisional Sinn Féin, Official IRA / Official Sinn Féin found itself sidelined because of its decision not to engage the British state militarily. Over time the Official IRA faded away, while Official Sinn Féin moved to a purely Marxist position, renaming itself first Sinn Féin the Workers Party, and then in 1982 the Workers’ Party of Ireland.
- After the Official IRA’s 1972 ceasefire, it and Official Sinn Féin suffered a split in 1974 leading to the formation of the far left Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) and Irish Republican Socialist Party, led by Seamus Costello (later assassinated by the Official IRA during a bloody feud). The INLA was known for a series of internal feuds and some of the more sectarian killings by Irish nationalist.
- In 1986, the Irish People’s Liberation Organisation split from the INLA.
- In 1992, the Workers’ Party suffered a split when a majority faction failed to secure changes. They left and formed the Democratic Left. Ultimately, the Democratic Left merged into the Labour Party.
- After the Official IRA’s 1972 ceasefire, it and Official Sinn Féin suffered a split in 1974 leading to the formation of the far left Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) and Irish Republican Socialist Party, led by Seamus Costello (later assassinated by the Official IRA during a bloody feud). The INLA was known for a series of internal feuds and some of the more sectarian killings by Irish nationalist.
- In 1969, the more traditionalist republican members split off into the Provisional IRA and Sinn Féin. The Provisional IRA operated mostly in Northern Ireland, using violence against the Royal Ulster Constabulary and the British Army, and British institutions and economic targets. They also killed members of the Irish Army and the Garda Síochána (the Republic’s police force), which was against one of their standing orders.
- A further split occurred in 1986, when the former leader of Sinn Féin Ruairí Ó Brádaigh – who was replaced by Gerry Adams in 1983 – walked out of the Sinn Féin Ard Fheis after delegates voted to end the policy of abstentionism to Dáil Éireann. The followers of Ruairí Ó Brádaigh, who adhere to republican legitimatism, and opposing Sinn Féin’s decision to abandon abstentionism, set up a rival party and military wing, called Republican Sinn Féin and the Continuity IRA.
- In 2006, the Irish Republican Liberation Army and the Óglaigh na hÉireann split from the Continuity IRA.
- In 1997, Members of the Provisional IRA who did not accept the peace process split off to form the Real IRA. Its political wing is the 32 County Sovereignty Movement.
- In 2009, Óglaigh na hÉireann split from the Real IRA.
- In 2011, former members of the Provisional IRA according to the Belfast Telegraph, announced a resumption of hostilities, under the name “Irish Republican Army”.
- A further split occurred in 1986, when the former leader of Sinn Féin Ruairí Ó Brádaigh – who was replaced by Gerry Adams in 1983 – walked out of the Sinn Féin Ard Fheis after delegates voted to end the policy of abstentionism to Dáil Éireann. The followers of Ruairí Ó Brádaigh, who adhere to republican legitimatism, and opposing Sinn Féin’s decision to abandon abstentionism, set up a rival party and military wing, called Republican Sinn Féin and the Continuity IRA.
- By the 1960s, after the failed border campaign, Sinn Féin moved towards a Marxist class struggle outlook. With the outbreak of the Troubles, Sinn Féin, or as it came to be called after the formation of the Provisional IRA and Provisional Sinn Féin, Official IRA / Official Sinn Féin found itself sidelined because of its decision not to engage the British state militarily. Over time the Official IRA faded away, while Official Sinn Féin moved to a purely Marxist position, renaming itself first Sinn Féin the Workers Party, and then in 1982 the Workers’ Party of Ireland.
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
- Jump up^ “Origins of the IRA name”. An Sionnach Fionn Blog. 27 September 2014.
- Jump up^ “Primates’ creative ambiguity averts schism”. The Irish Times. 2 February 2005.
- Jump up^ Suzanne Breen (22 April 2011). “Former Provos claim Kerr murder and vow more attacks”. Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
Bibliography[edit]
- Cronin, Sean, The Ideology of the IRA (Ann Arbor 1972)
- Hart, Peter, IRA at War 1916–1923 (Oxford 2003)
- Hart, P, The IRA and its Enemies: Violence and Community in Cork 1916–1923 (Oxford 1998)
- Joy, Sinead, The IRA in Kerry 1916–1921 (Cork 2005)
- Liebknecht, Karl, Militarism and Anti-Militarism (1907); an English translation (Cambridge 1973).
- Martin, F.X., (ed.) Irish Volunteers 1913–1915. Recollections and Documents (Dublin 1963)
- O’Ruairc, Padraig Og, Blood on the Banner: The Republican Struggle in Clare 1913–1923 (Cork 2009)
- Ryan, Meda, Tom Barry: IRA Freedom Fighter (Cork 2005)
- Townshend, Charles, ‘The Irish Republican Army and the Development of Guerrilla Warfare 1916–21’, English Historical Review 94 (1971), pp. 318–345.
- W?, With the IRA in the Fight For Freedom (London 1968)
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