Quinine

Quinine
Clinical data
Pronunciation	US: /ˈkwaɪnaɪn/, /kwɪˈniːn/ or UK: /ˈkwɪniːn/ KWIN-een
Trade names	Qualaquin, Quinate, Quinbisul, others
AHFS/Drugs.com	Monograph
MedlinePlus	a682322
License data	US DailyMed: Quinine; US FDA: Quinine;
Pregnancy; category	AU: D; US: C (Risk not ruled out);
Routes of; administration	By mouth, intramuscular, intravenous, rectal
ATC code	M09AA01 (WHO) P01BC01 (WHO);
Legal status
Legal status	AU: S4 (Prescription only); CA: ℞-only; UK: POM (Prescription only); US: ℞-only;
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein binding	70–95%
Metabolism	Liver (mostly CYP3A4 and CYP2C19-mediated)
Elimination half-life	8–14 hours (adults), 6–12 hours (children)
Excretion	Kidney (20%)
Identifiers
	IUPAC name[show]
CAS Number	130-95-0 ;
PubChem CID	8549;
IUPHAR/BPS	2510;
DrugBank	DB00468 ;
ChemSpider	84989 ;
UNII	A7V27PHC7A;
KEGG	D08460 ;
ChEBI	CHEBI:15854 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL170 ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID0044280 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.004.550
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C20H24N2O2
Molar mass	324.424 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
Melting point	177 °C (351 °F)
	SMILES[show]
	InChI[show]
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330px-Tonic_water_uv

Quinine is a medication used to treat malaria and babesiosis.^[2] This includes the treatment of malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum that is resistant to chloroquine when artesunate is not available.^[2]^[3] While used for restless legs syndrome, it is not recommended for this purpose due to the risk of side effects.^[2] It can be taken by mouth or used intravenously.^[2] Malaria resistance to quinine occurs in certain areas of the world.^[2] Quinine is also the ingredient in tonic water that gives it its bitter taste.^[4]

Common side effects include headache, ringing in the ears, trouble seeing, and sweating.^[2] More severe side effects include deafness, low blood platelets, and an irregular heartbeat.^[2] Use can make one more prone to sunburn.^[2] While it is unclear if use during pregnancy causes harm to the baby, use to treat malaria during pregnancy is still recommended.^[2] Quinine is an alkaloid, a naturally occurring chemical compound.^[2] How it works as a medicine is not entirely clear.^[2]

Quinine was first isolated in 1820 from the bark of a cinchona tree.^[2]^[5]^[6] Bark extracts have been used to treat malaria since at least 1632.^[7] It is on the World Health Organization’s List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system.^[8] The wholesale price in the developing world is about US$1.70 to $3.40 per course of treatment.^[9] In the United States a course of treatment is more than $200.^[10]

Scientific[edit]

Quinine (and quinidine) are used as the chiral moiety for the ligands used in Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation as well as for numerous other chiral catalyst backbones. Because of its relatively constant and well-known fluorescence quantum yield, quinine is used in photochemistry as a common fluorescence standard.^[27]^[28]

Visualization of odor space and quality

Fumihiro Sassa, … Kenshi Hayashi, in Chemical, Gas, and Biosensors for Internet of Things and Related Applications, 2019

17.2.3 Visualization based on single fluorescent probe

Based on the fluorescence interactions between typical odorants and probes, we have tried the odor visualization by using quinine sulfate as fluorescent probes. Fig. 17.2B shows the images of two odor marks (acetophenone: AP and hexanoic acid: HA) with different shapes of triangle and round, separately. After the odor exposure with a time (90 seconds), the two shapes are clearly visualized. In addition, the two odorants show different fluorescence reactions: fluorescence quenching by AP and enhancing by HA [50,51]. Thus both the shape and type of odor marks can be visualized by the fluorescence imaging. The odor exposure is a novel approach to record invisible odorants remaining in the environment, which cannot be realized by using conventional sensor technologies.

Fluorescence: Principles and Observables

J.R. Albani, in Structure and Dynamics of Macromolecules: Absorption and Fluorescence Studies, 2004

2g Fluorescence quantum yield

The molecule in the fundamental state absorbs a light of intensity equal to I and reaches an excited state S_n. Then, different competitive processes, including fluorescence, will compete one with each other in order to deexcite the molecule. The rate constant (k) of the excited state is equal to the sum of the kinetic constants of the competitive processes:

(2.56)

The fluorescence quantum yield is equal to the number of photons emitted by the radiative way over that absorbed by the molecule.

Let us see how we can describe mathematically the absorption and the deexcitation processes:

Photon absorption:

(2.57)

‐‐‐‐‐

where the fundamental singlet state and the excited singlet state of the molecules are designated by ¹ M and ¹ M*.

Deexcitation of ¹ M* will occur principally with the following phenomena:

(2.58)

‐‐‐‐‐

(2.59)

‐‐‐‐‐

(2.60)

‐‐‐‐‐

(2.61)

‐‐‐‐‐

(2.62)

‐‐‐‐‐

The global balance of ¹ M * can be written as

(2.63)

and the global balance of ³ M * is

(2.64)

At equilibrium, one have

(2.65)

(2.66)

and

(2.67)

(2.68)

The fluorescence quantum yield of a molecule is obtained by comparing the fluorescence intensity of the molecule to that of a reference molecule with a known quantum yield

Let us consider F₂ as the fluorescence intensity of the molecule of unknown quantum yield ϕ₂ and F₁ the fluorescence intensity of the reference with quantum yield of ϕ₁. One can write:

(2.69)

Therefore, in order to determine the quantum yield of a molecule, one needs to measure the optical densities of the molecule and the reference at the excitation wavelength and to calculate the sum of their intensities along their fluorescence emission spectra:

(2.70)

In proteins, one calculates the quantum yield from the dominant fluorescent amino acid. For example, a protein where the Trp residues are the main responsible of the protein emission, the quantum yield is determined by comparison with a solution of free L-Trp (Φ_F = 0.14 at 20 °C and at λ_ex= 295 nm). Also, quinine sulfate dissolved in 0.1 M sulfuric acid is commonly used as reference or standard molecule. Its quantum yield is 0.55 with an absorption and emission maxima at 340 and 445 nm, respectively.

Finally, one should remember that the standard and the molecule to be analyzed should be studied in the same conditions of temperature and solvent viscosity. Also, it is always better to work at low optical densities so that one avoids corrections for the inner filter effect.

In a multi-tryptophan protein, fluorescence quantum yield of the tryptophans can be additive or not. In the first case, the others do not influence each tryptophan while in the second case mainly energy transfer to or from the other tryptophan residues can influence quantum yield. In the absence of energy transfer between the tryptophan residues, mutants with one tryptophan residue are prepared, the other tryptophan residues of the protein are replaced by phenylalanine, and quantum yield of the corresponding tryptophan in each mutant is determined experimentally by comparing its fluorescence to that of free tryptophan in solution. For example, quantum yields of tryptophan residues in Bamase have been determined in the wild type and in mutants where only one tryptophan residue has been conserved.

Barnase is a ribonuclease synthesized by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and then secreted into the growth medium. The same cells synthesize barstar, a potent inhibitor of barnase, and retain it inside the cell to inhibit any barnase that is not secreted. Many studies related to the interaction between barnase and barstar have been peformed in order to understand the rules, if any, of protein-protein interactions. Barnase has three tryptophan residues present in positions 35, 71 and 94 (Figure 2.28).

3-s2.0-B9780444514493500022-f02-29-9780444514493

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

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[27]

[28]

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Not The Grub Street Journal

Exegesis Hermeneutics Flux Capacitor of Truthiness

#Milquetoast Media , #CovidPurpose rinse and repeat. #5G #5g #FiveGee #Covid19 symptom and not cause. 5G electromagnetic warfare. #QuinineSulphate #BioChemistry #ElectroChemistryCovid19 Corona Virus cover story for electromagnetic control Grid. @financialeyes @JoeBlob20 @ClarkeMicah

Remembering Caspar Milquetoast, the Original Snowflake

He spoke softly and got hit with a big stick.

The Wales Funding Programme

https://news.wrexham.gov.uk/new-led-lighting-on-the-way/

“Improve the quality of the environment”

17.2.3 Visualization based on single fluorescent probe

Fluorescence: Principles and Observables

2g Fluorescence quantum yield

Published by rogerglewis

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The Wales Funding Programme

“Improve the quality of the environment”

2g Fluorescence quantum yield

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Published by rogerglewis

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